Robert Merrihew Adams
UCLA / Yale / Oxford
The Scholars
114 voices across the debates — apologists and critics alike, each presented in their own terms.
Abū Bakr al-Bāqillānī
Baghdad; Ashʿarī school of kalām
Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī
Niẓāmiyya Madrasa of Baghdad; later Ṭūs
ʿAbd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī
Jurjān (Gorgan); Arabic grammar and rhetoric
William P. Alston
Syracuse University
G. E. M. Anscombe
Anselm of Canterbury
Abbey of Bec (prior, abbot); Archbishop of Canterbury (1093-1109)
Thomas Aquinas
Dominican Order; University of Paris; Naples
Arius of Alexandria
Presbyter of the Baucalis church, Alexandria
Jean Astruc
Athanasius of Alexandria
Bishop of Alexandria
Augustine of Hippo
Bishop of Hippo Regius (North Africa)
Badarayana
Basil of Caesarea
Bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia
Bruno Bauer
Privatdozent, Berlin then Bonn; teaching licence revoked 1842
Ferdinand Christian Baur
University of Tübingen (founder of the Tübingen School)
Michael Behe
Lehigh University (biochemistry) / Discovery Institute
Michael Bergmann
Purdue University
Buddhaghosa
Joseph Butler
Bishop of Bristol (1738-1750), then Durham (1750-1752)
Bernard Carr
Queen Mary University of London (mathematics and astronomy)
Richard Carrier
Independent scholar (PhD, Columbia University)
Umberto (Moshe David) Cassuto
David Chalmers
G. K. Chesterton
W. K. Clifford
Robin Collins
Messiah University
William Lane Craig
Talbot School of Theology / Houston Christian University
Charles Darwin
independent naturalist (HMS Beagle; Down House, Kent)
William Dembski
Discovery Institute (formerly Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary)
René Descartes
Private scholar (United Provinces; died Stockholm)
Paul Draper
Purdue University
Arthur Drews
Professor of Philosophy, Technische Hochschule Karlsruhe
John Earman
University of Pittsburgh (emeritus)
Bart D. Ehrman
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam
Eusebius of Caesarea
Bishop of Caesarea Maritima
Edward Feser
Pasadena City College
Ludwig Feuerbach
Antony Flew
Gaudapada
Gaunilo of Marmoutiers
Benedictine monk, Abbey of Marmoutier (near Tours)
Karl Heinrich Graf
Alan Guth
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (physics)
Gary Habermas
Liberty University (distinguished research professor)
Adolf von Harnack
University of Berlin (church history); Royal Library / Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft
John Hick
University of Birmingham; Claremont Graduate University
James Patrick Holding
David Hume
Edinburgh (private scholar; Librarian, Advocates' Library)
Thomas Henry Huxley
Royal School of Mines, London
Robert G. Ingersoll
Irenaeus of Lyons
Bishop of Lugdunum (Lyons), Gaul
William James
Harvard University
Phillip E. Johnson
University of California, Berkeley (School of Law)
Flavius Josephus
Jerusalem priesthood; later client of the Flavian emperors at Rome
Justin Martyr
Christian teacher at Rome; martyred under Marcus Aurelius
Immanuel Kant
University of Königsberg
Yehezkel Kaufmann
Nathan H. Knorr
Abraham Kuenen
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Court of Hanover (counsellor and librarian)
C. S. Lewis
J. Gresham Machen
Princeton Theological Seminary; founder, Westminster Theological Seminary (1929)
J. L. Mackie
University College, Oxford
Moses ben Maimon (Maimonides, Rambam)
Fustat (Cairo); head of the Egyptian Jewish community; court physician
Marcion of Sinope
Rome (until excommunication c.144); founder of the Marcionite churches
Bruce M. Metzger
Stephen C. Meyer
Discovery Institute (Center for Science and Culture)
Glenn Miller
J. P. Moreland
Henry M. Morris
Institute for Creation Research (founder)
Paul K. Moser
Loyola University Chicago
Nāgārjuna
Nagasena
Thomas Nagel
Friedrich Nietzsche
University of Basel (Professor of Classical Philology, 1869-1879)
Graham Oppy
Monash University
Origen of Alexandria
Catechetical school of Alexandria; later Caesarea
James Orr
United Free Church College, Glasgow
Ben Page
contemporary analytic philosophy of religion (institution unsourced in corpus)
William Paley
Archdeacon of Carlisle
Papias of Hierapolis
Blaise Pascal
Independent mathematician and physicist; associated with Port-Royal
Robert T. Pennock
Michigan State University (philosophy / Lyman Briggs College)
Alvin Plantinga
University of Notre Dame / Calvin College
Ramanuja
Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki (Rashi)
northern France (biographical detail unsourced in corpus)
Martin Rees
University of Cambridge (Astronomer Royal)
Ernest Renan
Collège de France (chair of Hebrew)
Victor Reppert
John A. T. Robinson
John Medows Rodwell
Church of England ("Rev. J. M. Rodwell, M.A." per corpus title page)
William L. Rowe
Purdue University
Bertrand Russell
Cambridge (Trinity College); LSE; UCLA
Charles Taze Russell
Joseph Franklin Rutherford
George Sale
English orientalist (institutional detail unsourced in corpus)
J. L. Schellenberg
Mount Saint Vincent University
Albert Schweitzer
Strasbourg (theology); later medical mission at Lambaréné, Gabon
Adi Shankara
Keith E. Small
unsourced in corpus (evangelical Qur'anic manuscript scholarship)
Joseph Smith Jr.
Founder and first President, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Baruch Spinoza
Private scholar and lens-grinder, Amsterdam / The Hague
David Friedrich Strauss
Tübingen (tutor; academic career ended by the reception of the 1835 Leben Jesu)
Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī
Cairo (biographical detail unsourced in corpus)
Richard Swinburne
University of Oxford (emeritus)
James E. Talmage
Apostle, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Tertullian
Carthage, Roman North Africa
Michael Tooley
University of Colorado Boulder
Peter van Inwagen
University of Notre Dame
Daniel B. Wallace
Julius Wellhausen
N. T. Wright
Former Bishop of Durham; research professorships (St Andrews, Oxford)
Stephen J. Wykstra
Calvin College